1. Briefly and concisely, define each of the following terms:
(A) Epidemiology [3 pts]
Study of / health and disease / in populations or groups.
(B) Health, by the standard medical definition [1 pt]
Absence of disease
(C) Health, by the World Health Organization (WHO) definition [3 pts]
Physical / mental / and social well-being. (Deductions for extraneous components.)
(D) Public health [3 pts]
Organized / effort or activity / to prevent disease or improve health.
(E) Case definition [2 pts]
Uniform and objective criteria / used to determine presence or absence of a condition.
(F) Causal factor, epidemiologic definition [2 pts]
Any factor (event, condition, attribute, or behavior) that increases the likelihood of disease /all other things being equal or (cetaris paribus)
(G) Endemic [2 pts]
Disease occurrence / at or near normal level
(H) Natural history of disease [3 pts]
Progression of a disease / in an individual / over time
(I) Risk indicator [2 pts]
Statistical correlate of disease / may or may not be causal
2. Secondary prevention efforts are directed toward this stage of disease.
4. A agent's ability to cause disease is specifically referred to as its [1 pt]
5. Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem that starts "I kept six honest serving men; They taught me all I know. Their names are ..." Name four of these "six honest men." [2 pts, � pt. each]
ANS: What; Why; When; How; Where; Who
6. Epidemiologists describe disease occurrence according to three broad variables. One of the variables is "place." Name the other two.7. A disease that occurs rarely and without regularity is said to be: [1 pt]
8. Parasitic lower plants that lack chlorophyll are: [1 pt]
9. Submicroscopic infectious agents that contain their own genetic material but are incapable of multiplying outside of their host are:
10. Which of the following can act as reservoirs?
11. Which of the following can act as a portal?
12. Transmission may occur by contact, vectors, and vehicles. How does a vector differ a vehicle?
13. How does common vehicle transmission differ from serial transmission?
14. Name two physical barriers to infection.
15. Name two chemical barriers to infection
16. What is the difference between a killed vaccine and modified live vaccine?
17. Passive immunization can be derived from two different sources. Name these.
18. Hosts that harbor and shed an infectious agent while manifesting no discernable signs or symptoms are called: [1 pt.]
19. Soluble biochemical proteins that neutralize invading pathogens by attaching to antigens are:
20. List two characteristics of chronic diseases. [2 pts]21. List two biostatistical approaches to epidemiologic research.
22. Is a high fever as manifest by a body temperature of 104 �F a sign, symptom, or test? [1 pt]
23. Is fatigue as manifest by the subjective impression of a patient a sign, symptom, or test? [1 pt]
24. Does kappa = .1 indicate poor, fair, good, or excellent agreement? [1 pt]
25. What does it mean if I say that the predictive value positive of a test is .90?
26. How does validity differ from reproducibility? [2 pts]
ANS: Reproducibility refers to the ability to produce the same results upon repetition. Validity is accuracy compared to a gold standard (the ability to discriminate between people with and without disease)
27. Select the term that refers to disability or disease.
28. John Snow discovered:
29. Over that past 30 years, cardiovascular disease rates in the U.S. have:
30. The time during which the agent is present in the body but has not yet caused discernable signs of disease is called the ______________________ period.
31. If factor X must be present for disease to occur. Factor X is therefore a [1 pt]
32. What kind of cell controls the up-regulation and down-regulation of the immune system? [1 pt]
33. In general, if the prevalence of disease is low, the predictive value positive of a test will be [1 pt]
34. In general, lowering the cutoff point of a test will result in more: [1 pt]
33. An individual is declared to be HIV positive after: [1 pt]
34. Blank
35. Name the most common standardized nomenclature for disease classification. [1 pt]
36. List some reasons we might see a spurious increases or decreases in the number of reported cases of a disease. [2 pts]
| Disease Status | |||
| Test Results | + | - | Total |
| + | |||
| - | |||
| Total | 1,000 (given) | ||
38. Data from a validity study (N = 170) are shown below. Based on these data, calculate the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value positive, and predictive value negative of the test. In plain terms, interpret each of these statistics in turn.
| Disease Status | |||
| Test Results | + | - | Total |
| + | 100 | 25 | 125 |
| - | 10 | 200 | 210 |
| Total | 110 | 225 | 335 |
39. Data from a reproducibility analysis are show below. Use these data to calculate a kappa statistic, are interpret your results.
| Rater B | |||
| Rater A | + | - | Total |
| + | 35 | 2 | 37 |
| - | 5 | 28 | 33 |
| Total | 40 | 30 | 70 |