Summary Notes and REVIEW QUESTIONS

[Last update 5/10/03]

There will be NO questions on the Final exam from Chapter 12. Instead, please review these facts:

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: Recognizing psychological, social, and cultural influences on health.

1. Psychological health has two components: emotional states and mental states.
2. The three types of behavioral factors that influence health are predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors.
3. The book considers all of the following types of health: physical, mental, environmental, spiritual, social, and intellectual. (It does NOT consider financial health.)
4. The single greatest barrier to minority health in the U.S. is poverty.
5. According to the book, minority students experience stressors that non-minority students do not.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: Recognizing the inter-relation of psychological, social, and cultural influences on health.

1. Life expectancy (average age at death) differs by race and gender. Men tend to die earlier than women and blacks tend to die earlier than whites.
2. Declines in physical activities occur most rapidly in late adolescence and early adulthood.
3. M/C: All of the following have contributed to increases in life expectancy EXCEPT: (a) the control of infectious diseases through improvements in sanitation and water quality, (b) the discovery of antibiotics, (c) the control of chronic diseases through lifestyle changes and effective treatments, (d) intensive care medicine applied toward the end of life

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: Develop social skills to enhance learning and develop positive interpersonal relationships with diverse types of people.

1. Homophobia is the fear and hatred of gays and lesbians.
2. Social health is the ability to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships.
3. Effective communication strategies include all of the following (a) using "I statements" (b) asking how the other person feels (c) being a good listener (d) respecting confidences (secrets) of others.
4. The first step in changing an unhealthy behavior is awareness and understanding of the negative behavior.
5. M/C: The idea of enhancing health by building knowledge and skills in individuals and modifying their environment to foster healthier lifestyles defines: (a) wellness (b) intellectual health (c) holistic health (d) health promotion

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: Recognizing yourself as an individual undergoing a stage of your life development, and recognize how health is affected by the social and university environment.

1. M/C: The leading cause of death among college aged men and women is: (a) motor vehicle crashes (b) drug overdoses (c) suicide (d) alcohol poisoning
2. M/C: Which of the following are common stressors on college campuses? (a) tests (b) finances (c) relationships and (d) competition (e) e. all of the above
3. T/F:? Every year students spend more on alcohol than on books, soda, coffee, juice, and milk combined.

Some additional summary points:

• Health and disease is not controlled by single factors but by an interaction (interdependence) of agent, host, and environmental factors (physical, physiological, social, cultural, and psychological factors).
• You must carefully assess health the credibility, accuracy, reasonableness, and support of health information, and not merely take all that is said about health on face value.
• Everyone is entitled to articulate their own definition of personal health. How do you articulate health?
• You may use various tools (such as the wellness survey) to help evaluate your own health.
• Your peers and environment are your social environment, and the social environment has a major influence on your personal health.
• You need to be proactive and confident in protecting your safety and health (e.g., avoid unsafe sex, binge drinking, driving under the influence, etc. etc).
• You need to be active and confident in searching out health services at the university.