Chap 1 Review Questions (INTRO)

[Last update: 3/12/04] Codes: T/F = true/false, MC = multiple choice,  FI = fill-in. Use active reading when studying! See [ReadingTips.doc]

Hales, D. (2004). Chapter 1: An Invitation to Health for the Twenty-First Century In An Invitation to Health (3/e) (pp. 4 - 24). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.

HEALTH AND WELLNESS (pp. 4-7)

  1. The standard medical definition of health is the absence of _________________. 
  2. What components of health are addressed in the constitution of the WHO? (ANS: physical, mental, social well-being)
  3. List the six components of health addressed in the book. (ANS: physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, environmental.) 
  4. The term the book uses for "optimal health" is ______________. 
  5. Describe the wellness-illness continuum. 
  6. Psychological health refers to emotional and _____________ states. 
  7. T/F: Spiritual health refers to the practice of a formal religion. 
  8. T/F: According to the book, people who see a larger meaning to life suffer lower rates of depression and have longer life expectancy. (ANS: The book says "true," however Dr. G. believes the statement about longer life expectancy lacks scientific support and thus remain theoretical.)
  9. T/F: Social health refers to the ability to interact effectively with people and the social environment. 
  10. T/F: Health promotion involves environmental modifications that fosters healthier lifestyles. 
  11. T/F Intellectual health involves critical thinking skills (including the ability to evaluate health information and separates fads and fallacies from what really works). 
  12. T/F: Environmental health refers to the impact of the external world on health.

HEALTH IN A NEW MILLENNIUM (pp. 7-13). 

  1. T/F One hundred years ago, the average American had a life expectance of about 50. [The book says this is true, but it is slightly inaccurate. The life expectancy in 1900 was 47.3 which I suppose is about 50.]
  2. T/F: Life expectancy increased dramatically in the U. S. in the 20th century in all racial and ethnic groups.
  3. T/F: Increases in life expectancy are slowing (as life expectancy is getting closer to a realistic maximum).
  4. T/F: Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes account for approximately 75% of the deaths in the United States. 
  5. T/F: Health disparity means that different identifiable groups have different life expectancy and morbidity rates. 
  6. The current federal health promotion and disease prevention initiative in the U. S. is called _____________________________ (three words). 
  7. T/F: There is health disparity in the United States and in every other country on earth.
  8. On the average, who lives longer: men or women? 
  9. On the average, who lives longer, blacks or whites? 
  10. On the average, who lives longer, black females or white males? 
  11. T/F: The U.S. is the most ethnically diverse nations on earth. 
  12. T/F: The links between race, culture, and health are moving beyond the boundaries of minority to the broader concept of the under-served. 
  13. T/F: All of the following factors play a role in the relation between race and health: lifestyle, lack of access to health care, poverty, genetic factors, environmental factors. 
  14. T/F: College students often engage in behaviors that puts them at risk for health problems. 
  15. T/F: College women take more health risks more often than college men. 
  16. List examples of common risk-taking behaviors in college student populations.

BECOMING ALL YOU CAN BE (pp. 15 - 20) 

  1. What less-than-healthful behavior of yours would you like to improve? 
  2. T/F: The three types of factors that shape health behavior are classified as predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing . 
  3. This type of factor includes knowledge, attitude, and beliefs. 
  4. T/F: There is often a gap between stated health beliefs and actual beliefs. 
  5. T/F: Enabling factors include skills, resources, and capacities. 
  6. T/F: Reinforcing factors are most effective when they come from within. 
  7. T/F: All of the following are part of the mature decision making process: setting priorities, informing yourself, considering all options, tuning into your feelings, consider a worst-case scenario. 
  8. T/F: Changing one's behavior is easy. 
  9. T/F: Cultural norms can make it hard to change a behavior despite best intentions. 
  10. T/F: The first step toward behavioral change is awareness. 
  11. T/F: Keeping a diary helps raise awareness when attempting to improve health-related behavior. 
  12. T/F: Self-efficacy is the belief that you can succeed. 
  13. T/F: Self-efficacy increases the energy and persistence needed to make a change. 
  14. T/F: Individuals with an external locus of control are less likely to seek preventive health care. 
  15. T/F: You should reward yourself for healthy behavior.
  16. T/F: According to the book, beliefs are more power than knowledge and attitude when changing behavior.
  17. According to the book, people are most likely to change health behavior if they believe what about susceptibility? . . . abut severity? . . . about benefits? (p. 16)
NEW ERA IN HEALTH EDUCATION (pp. 17 - 20)
  1. T/F: Primary prevention refers to interventions that occur before the person is exposed to the causal factor. 
  2. T/F: Two-thirds of the death in the U.S. can be delayed by reducing tobacco use, alcohol abuse, accidents, high blood pressure, obesity, and gaps in disease screening. 
  3. What is the difference between disease prevention and disease protection? 
  4. T/F: There is a great deal of overlap between prevention and protection. 
  5. T/F: Most adult-onset illnesses caused by a combination (interaction) of genetic and environmental components. 
  6. T/F: Most genetic tests can only tell you whether you have a predisposition for a disorder, not whether you will develop it. 

LECTURE NOTES

  1. Health and Wellness 
    1. Definitions of health
      1. Medical definition - absence of [physical and mental] disease
      2. WHO definition - physical, mental, and social well-being
      3. Components of health
        1. Physical (of primary importance)
        2. Psychological (emotional and mental)
        3. Spiritual (purpose and fulfillment / not necessarily religion)
        4. Social (social units: couples -- family -- neighborhood -- work group -- nation -- world)
        5. Intellectual (often lumped in with "psychological" since it involves the mind)
        6. Environmental (often lumped in with "social" since it is external to the individual)
      4. Wellness continuum (Fig 1.2) -- often preferable to dichotomizing health (healthy / diseased)
  2. Health for the New Millennium (pp. 7 - 13)
      1. Life expectancy and health: trends, by sex, by race, by country
      2. "Healthy People 2010" (450 specific health goals for the U. S. citizen, e.g., increase the number of adolescents engaging in high levels of physical activity)
      3. Ethnicity and the underserved
    1. Becoming All You Can Be (pp. 13 - 17) 
      1. Health behavior
        1. Predisposing Factors - knowledge, attitude, beliefs, values, perceptions
        2. Enabling Factors - skills, resources, physical and mental capacities
        3. Reinforcing Factors - praise, rewards, encouragement, self-responsibility and self-motivation (most important)
      2. Making Decisions (priorities, information, options, gut feelings, consider "worst-case" scenario) 
    2.  New Era In Health Education
      1. Prevention - eliminates the risk entirely (abstinence prevents STDs)
      2. Protection - mitigates risk (condom use protect against STDs)