** KEY** Chapter 11 Review Questions
�11.1 - �11.3 Ecological & Cross-Sectional Studies
- This is an aggregate-level
measurement.
- Aggregation bias
occurs when an association seen in aggregate data does apply to the
individual.
- The relationship was highly
confounded. Persons at low elevation were more likely to draw their water
from the polluted sources.
- (1) contextual variable
(2) integral variable (3) contagion variable
- Here's one hypothesis: Larger
hospitals may have more complete reporting..
- False. Longitudinal-ness depends on whether you can place events in
individuals over time. (The temporal relation between occurrence of events
and when they are measured is called proximity.)
- Notiones
vulgares are crude unscientific personal
beliefs natural and social phenomena.
- High SES people with mental
disorders may be more likely to be diagnosed as neurotic; low SES people
with mental disorder may be more likely to be diagnosed as psychotic.
Also...differences in reporting mechanisms (e.g., legal authorities vs.
private providers).
- (1) prevalence-incidence bias
(2) detection bias (3) reverse-causality bias (cart-before-the-horse bias)
�11.4 Cohort Studies
- There is no long-term follow-up
of individuals over time in the open population.
- TB's long latent period
required long-term follow-up of
individuals, as is case in studies of chronic diseases.
- Framingham
is a town in Massachusetts.
We care because it is the seat of an innovative cohort study that has
yielded important findings about heart disease.
- These are the two
investigators primarily responsible for the British Doctors study.
- Data for prospective studies
occur concurrently to the investigation. Retrospective cohort studies are
based on historical (nonconcurrent)
information.
�11.5 Case-Control Studies
- Because you have to study
only a small percentage of the non-cases from the population.
- Because you are studying
diseases that have already occurred and are study retrospective exposure
information.
- The odds ratio
- �non-case� or �healthy�
- (c) rate ratio
- (c) 1